Showing posts with label global governance. Show all posts
Showing posts with label global governance. Show all posts

Monday, April 11, 2011

Breaking The World

Globalist George Soros: “America Should Be Replaced By a World Government With a Global Currency Under UN Rule”

American Free Press
By Pete Papaherakles

Reorganizing the world order will need to extend beyond the financial system“.

The main obstacle to a stable and just world order is the United States

"The main obstacle to a stable and
just world order is the United States"

Internationalist billionaire George Soros is holding his international conference April 8 to April 11 at Bretton Woods, N.H., the noted birthplace of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, where he plans to “rearrange the entire financial order,” as he noted in a November 2009 article in The Japan Times Online.

This “Bretton Woods II” comes along just as the Trilateral Commission will be meeting at the same time in Washington, D.C. With an apparent goal of creating nothing less than a new global economy, Soros is spending $50 million in New Hampshire to bring together up to 200 academic, business and government policy leaders under his Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET).

As AFP goes to press, the attendees are to include ex-Fed Chairman Paul Volcker, former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and World Bank executive and Nobel Prize winner in economics Joseph Stiglitz.

The conference is slated for the Mount Washington Hotel, site of the historic 1944 Bretton Woods conference, which established the post-World War II international financial architecture.

Soros chose this site because he expects his proposed reforms to be as radical as those promoted by British economist John Maynard Keynes, the much-praised “genius” of the original Bretton Woods project.

Keynesian economics have been portrayed as a cure to the Western world’s postwar devastation, in that governments were liberated of money creation restrictions imposed by the gold standard, even while global financiers controlled much of the world’s gold like they do now. Governments, under the new paradigm after the war, were encouraged to promote economic growth and macroeconomic stability by creating more debt-based money for everything that ailed the economy—debt that has brought most of the world’s economies to the brink of bankruptcy.

Now Soros comes along as the new Keynes to save the day by proposing another miracle solution to our problems, couched in lofty doublespeak such as “reform,” “cooperation” and “equal participation.” Soros is proposing the end of sovereignty as we know it.

“Reorganizing the world order will need to extend beyond the financial system,” Soros wrote in his opinion piece.

Soros is saying that a washed-up America should be replaced by a world government with a global currency under UN rule. He also advocates that China should be top dog while we play second fiddle. What Soros doesn’t say is that two decades of outsourcing U.S. industry, opening the borders and bankrupting the economy with pointless wars and other debacles have been intentionally orchestrated so that now international bankers can tell the world the system is broken and that the individuals who broke it need to show us how to fix it.

Georgy Schwartz, aka George Soros, is a Hungarian Jew who has been described as anti-God, anti-family and anti-American. By his own admission he even helped confiscate the homes of fellow Jews in Hungary in 1944.

In an interview with Steve Kroft of 60 Minutes he said 1944 was the best year of his life. Asked by Kroft if he felt any remorse, he answered, “No, not at all; I rather enjoyed it.”

“No feelings of guilt?” asked Kroft. “No,” answered Soros, “only feelings of power.”

Soros made his first billion as a currency speculator in 1992 by shorting the British pound and causing misery to millions of hardworking British citizens. He went on to cause the 1999 Russiagate scandal, almost collapsing the Russian economy. It was described as “one of the greatest social robberies in human history.”

He did the same to Thailand and Malaysia in 1997, causing the Asian financial crisis of that time. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad called him “a villain and a moron,” while Thailand’s PM referred to him as “Dracula.” He also helped dismantle Yugoslavia and caused major trouble in Japan, Indonesia, Georgia, Ukraine and Burma by raiding their economies.

Soros also fosters cultural degeneracy by supporting abortion rights, atheism, drug legalization, sex education, euthanasia, feminism, gun control, globalization, mass immigration, gay marriage etc. Soros funded Barack Obama’s campaign and often visits the White House.

At 81, taking down America appears to be his final challenge. “The main obstacle to a stable and just world order is the United States. The time has come for a very serious adjustment,” he said.

RELATED STORY: “Destroying America will be the culmination of my life’s work.”

Saturday, July 3, 2010

Theres No Fate But What We Make

« on: Today at 05:10:59 PM »
Reply with quoteQuote

So, I was reading this article (I think it has already been linked to by other people on here - since Alan Watt linked to it a couple of days ago - but as far as I know, this is the original article and contains some more stuff that the link Alan Watt put up did not have ) - and it made mention of this consortium called Global Business Network.


The English Ideology and WIRED Magazine

Part Three Of Three

Techno-Utopianism: The Final Imperial Solution
by Mark Stahlman November 22nd, 1996

http://web.archive.org/web/20011226171744/www.rewired.com/96/Fall/1122.html


This snippet in particular piqued my curiosity
Quote
No less chilling is the scenarios planning exercise that WIRED's wizards-behind-the-curtain perform on their multi-national clients. From General Motors to AT&T, the Global Business Network (GBN) charges hefty sums to show the yellow-brick-road towards "ByteCity" to strategic planners and top corporate brass. In one recent and rare public discussion of the results, GM's top planning team defined the three "alternative futures" which emerged after years of GBN counseling. The first is just like our world and, so by definition, is not very interesting. The second is an eco-fascist regime in which car designs are completely "Green" and the companies can only follow orders. The third is the fun one, however. This is the world in which armed gangs roam the streets and surface travel is a series of car chases. This scenario has already been anticipated with a Cadillac that includes armored protection and a "panic" button installed in the middle of the dashboard. The car has a satellite tracking system built in and it can call the local authorities (presumably your multi-national's private swat-team) and get help when you get trapped by the natives.


So naturally, I looked into Global Business Network. This consortium is kind of like Wells 'The Samurai' corporate overlord board - every bigwig company you can imagine that is into some type of big industry is among its members.

Global Business Network

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Business_Network

Funding / Members - Corporations

I don't have time to list all of the companies, so let's just list for the sake of interest some of the key companies that consider themselves to be members - these companies also provide for the organization's funding:

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Business_Network#Funding

  • AT&T
  • Bechtel
  • Booz Allen & Hamilton
  • Coca-Cola Company
  • Dow Chemical
  • DuPont
  • EDS (Electronic Data Systems)
  • Fannie Mae
  • Freddie Mac
  • ExxonMobil
  • General Electric
  • Heineken (My note: The Dutch beer-brewer)
  • Hewlett Packard/HP
  • IBM (My note: Big surprise, huh?)
  • Intel
  • L'Oreal
  • Lucent Corporation
  • Microsoft
  • Monsanto
  • Procter & Gamble
  • Reuters
  • Sandia National Laboratories
  • Shell Oil/Dutch Royal Shell
  • Toyota
  • Sun Microsystems (My note: See, I don't want to hear anymore crap from some techies that Sun Microsystems was 'once' good prior to being taken over by the evil 'Oracle' - to hell with that bullshit - they were ALWAYS part of the hive mind - stop sucking up to controlled opposition is my message to these people - forget about the Sparc processors and all that shit and realize these guys didn't give a shit about you, the individual, or any semblance of human dignity - same as all the other corporate technocrats)
  • Xerox

The list is far longer than this, but you get the drill - any corporation worth its salt is a member and/or provides funding for it.

Stewart Brand, Whole Earth Catalog, Wired Magazine, Global Business Network

This ties back into Stewart Brand - the guy behind the Whole Earth Catalog, the founding of Wired Magazine, and the main progenitor of this entire techno-utopia 'scientific dictatorship' that the Unabomber railed against. Coincidentally, he was also a co-founder of Global Business Network.

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Stewart_Brand

Quote
Brand is a co-founder of the Global Business Network (GBN) (1988) [4]; the The Long Now Foundation (1995) [5], "whose core project is the construction of a 10,000 year clock called The Clock of the Long Now"; the ALL Species Foundation (2001) [6], "to find and document every life form on Earth" [7]; and the Long Bets Foundation (2001), "an arena for competitive, accountable predictions" and "to foster better long-term thinking." [8][9]



Anyway, here comes the big one - this is a report produced by the Rockefeller Foundation in cooperation with Global Business Network in May 2010 - and it shows four possible future scenarios that the world might be headed into. Let's discuss this, shall we.

http://www.gbn.com/consulting/article_details.php?id=101&breadcrumb=consulting

http://www.gbn.com/articles/pdfs/GBN&Rockefeller%20scenarios.technology&development.pdf

Scenarios for the Future of Technology and International Development
This report was produced by

The Rockefeller Foundation
and Global Business Network.
May 2010




Let's see what Peter Schwartz, President of Global Business Network, has to say about these 'scenarios' firsthand:

Quote

Scenario planning is a powerful tool precisely because the future is unpredictable and shaped by many interacting variables. Scenarios enable us to think creatively and rigorously about the different ways these forces may interact, while forcing us to challenge our own assumptions about what we believe or hope the future will be. Scenarios embrace and weave together multiple perspectives and provide an ongoing framework for spotting and making sense of important changes as they emerge. Perhaps most importantly, scenarios give us a new, shared language that deepens our conversations about the future and how we can help to shape it.

The Rockefeller Foundation has already used this project as an opportunity to clarify and advance the relationship between technology and development. Through interviews and the scenario workshops, they have engaged a diverse set of people - from different geographies, disciplines, and sectors - to identify the key forces driving change, to explore the most critical uncertainties, and to develop challenging yet plausible scenarios and implications.


Population growth

As we all know, this is a recurring theme and something Rockefeller and his cadre of ghouls likes to whine and fearmonger about. Here it is again:



Quote
For example, it is a near geopolitical certainty that - with the rise of China, India, and other nations - a multi-polar global system is emerging. One demographic certainty is that global population growth will continue and will put pressure on energy, food, and water resources - especially in the developing world. Another related certainty: that the world will strive to source more of its energy from renewable resources and may succeed, but there will likely still be a significant level of global interdependence on energy.

Now we get onto the 'fun stuff' - the 'matrix' as they call it - four possible scenarios that are in the cards - 'Lock Step', 'Clever Together', 'Hack Attack', and 'Smart Scramble'.



Copied-pasted verbatim from PDF:

Quote
LOCK STEP - A world of tighter top-down government control and more authoritarian leadership, with limited innovation and growing citizen pushback.

HACK ATTACK - An economically unstable and shock-prone world in which governments weaken, criminals thrive, and dangerous innovations emerge.

CLEVER TOGETHER - A world in which highly coordinated and successful strategies emerge for addressing both urgent and entrenched world issues (My note: This is the 'greenie' sustainable crap scenario - is a bit low on surprises and overall cataclysmic fear events, except for the ominous parting statement that goes something like this - 'the population is still growing exponentially - this is 'unsustainable' - something needs to be done)

SMART SCRAMBLE - An economically depressed world in which individuals and communities develop localized, makeshift solutions to a growing set of problems.

Here is how they preface all of this stuff:

Quote
Please consider names, dates, and other such specifics in each scenario as proxies for types of events, not as necessary conditions for any particular scenario to unfold (My note: Proxies for 'types of events'?? HMMMM - false flag terror and effects-based operations (EBO) comes to mind)

We now invite you to immerse yourself in each future world and consider four different visions for the evolution of technology and international development to 2030. (My note: Yeah, enjoy yourself alright. Funny, BTW, this date '2030' - the predictive programming exercise masquerading as a videogame 'Deus Ex: Human Revolution' also seems to 'predict' these marauding gangs, clashes with police and stuff by the year 2027 - hmmm - willing to bet they are tied into Global Business Network also and need to make the 'future scenario' a self-fulfilling prophecy? But more on that later)




LOCK STEP
A world of tighter top-down government control and more authoritarian leadership, with limited innovation and growing citizen pushback




The killer 2012 pandemic - killing millions
My note: BTW, so nice also to see guys like Proctor & Gamble and the like sitting in on the board of this organization - the Global Business Network - hmmmmmm - they don't hide this stuff very well now do they? Man, I'm telling you, the social sciences - psychology, behaviorism and the like - have really done one big mindjob on us all - we got their freaking number yet we're supposed to refrain from stating the obvious.

Quote
In 2012, the pandemic that the world had been anticipating for years finally hit. Unlike 2009's H1N1, this new influenza strain - originating from wild geese - was extremely virulent and deadly. Even the most pandemic-prepared nations were quickly overwhelmed when the virus streaked around the world, infecting nearly 20 percent of the global population and killing 8 million in just seven months, the majority of them healthy young adults. The pandemic also had a deadly effect on economies: international mobility of both people and goods screeched to a halt, debilitating industries like tourism and breaking global supply chains. Even locally, normally bustling shops and office buildings sat empty for months, devoid of both employees and customers.

The pandemic blanketed the planet - though disproportionate numbers died in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central America, where the virus spread like wildfire in the absence of official containment protocols. But even in developed countries, containment was a challenge. The United States's initial policy of 'strongly discouraging' citizens from flying proved deadly in its leniency, accelerating the spread of the virus not just within the U.S. but across borders. However, a few countries did fare better - China in particular. The Chinese government's quick imposition and enforcement of mandatory quarantine for all citizens, as well as its instant and near-hermetic sealing off of all borders, saved millions of lives, stopping the spread of the virus far earlier than in other countries and enabling a swifter post- pandemic recovery. (My note: See how this 'future scenario' tacitly implies - without saying it - that China was able to stave off disaster because of their population policies and so on and their strict top-down authoritarian style of control, so the West had better adopt this too?)


Ushering in all sorts of control and surveillance measures during the mass pandemic

Quote
China's government was not the only one that took extreme measures to protect its citizens from risk and exposure. During the pandemic, national leaders around the world flexed their authority and imposed airtight rules and restrictions, from the mandatory wearing of face masks to body-temperature checks at the entries to communal spaces like train stations and supermarkets. Even after the pandemic faded, this more authoritarian control and oversight of citizens and their activities stuck and even intensified. In order to protect themselves from the spread of increasingly global problems - from pandemics and transnational terrorism to environmental crises and rising poverty - leaders around the world took a firmer grip on power.

At first, the notion of a more controlled world gained wide acceptance and approval. Citizens willingly gave up some of their sovereignty - and their privacy - to more paternalistic states in exchange for greater safety and stability. Citizens were more tolerant, and even eager, for top-down direction and oversight, and national leaders had more latitude to impose order in the ways they saw fit. In developed countries, this heightened oversight took many forms: biometric IDs for all citizens, for example, and tighter regulation of key industries whose stability was deemed vital to national interests. In many developed countries, enforced cooperation with a suite of new regulations and agreements slowly but steadily restored both order and, importantly, economic growth (My note: How about that eh? They're going to use the pretext of a mass-scale pandemic that will kill millions of people to usher in all these forms of control and even more overt surveillance. Amazing - and this is a report straight by the Rockefeller Foundation and an institution almost every bigwig company is a part of).


Control of science and business by big government

Quote
Meanwhile, in the developed world, the presence of so many top-down rules and norms greatly inhibited entrepreneurial activity. Scientists and innovators were often told by governments what research lines to pursue and were guided mostly toward projects that would make money (e.g., market-driven product development) or were 'sure bets' (e.g., fundamental research), leaving more risky or innovative research areas largely untapped. (My note: Actually, this has already been the case for a long time - science exists to fuel war, and the military controls nearly all laboratories and universities in the US. What else is new?

The backlash - the riots - by 2020 - right on cue with the Strategic Trends/Deus Ex agenda

Quote
By 2025, people seemed to be growing weary of so much top-down control and letting leaders and authorities make choices for them.

Wherever national interests clashed with individual interests, there was conflict. Sporadic pushback became increasingly organized and coordinated, as disaffected youth and people who had seen their status and opportunities slip away - largely in developing countries - incited civil unrest (my note: I especially like this part - 'especially in developing countries. It implies people will be hit hardest economically and status-wise in the 'developed world'). In 2026, protestors in Nigeria brought down the government, fed up with the entrenched cronyism and corruption. Even those who liked the greater stability and predictability of this world began to grow uncomfortable and constrained by so many tight rules and by the strictness of national boundaries. The feeling lingered that sooner or later, something would inevitably upset the neat order that the world's governments had worked so hard to establish.




Technology trends and applications we might see:

Quote
* Scanners using advanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology become the norm at airports and other public areas to detect abnormal behavior that may indicate “antisocial intent.”

* Tele-presence technologies respond to the demand for less expensive, lower-bandwidth, sophisticated communications systems for populations whose travel is restricted. (My note: See? Travel will be for the 'elite' only)

* Driven by protectionism and national security concerns, nations create their own independent, regionally defined IT networks, mimicking China’s firewalls. Governments have varying degrees of success in policing internet traffic, but these efforts nevertheless fracture the “World Wide” Web.



CLEVER TOGETHER
A world in which highly coordinated and successful strategies emerge for addressing both urgent and entrenched worldwide issues



We'll skip 'Clever Together' for the most part - it's basic 'green eco-fascism' propaganda, sustainability crap, and framing this all as if it will benefit the people - with some 'necessary' austerity added in the mix that is glossed over. There is one 'natural disaster' that serves as the instigating event for more climate change legislation.

Quote
In 2014, the Hudson River overflowed into New York City during a storm surge, turning the World Trade Center site into a three-foot-deep lake. The image of motorboats navigating through lower Manhattan jarred the world’s most powerful nations into realizing that climate change was not just a developing-world problem. That same year, new measurements showing that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were climbing precipitously created new urgency and pressure for governments (really, for everyone) to do something fast.

Food shortages by 2027 - rethink needed for 'smart growth' - ie 'depopulation

Quote
Over the course of two decades, enormous strides were made to make the world less wasteful, more efficient, and more inclusive. But the world was far from perfect. There were still failed states and places with few resources. Moreover, such rapid progress had created new problems. Rising consumption standards unexpectedly ushered in a new set of pressures: the improved food distribution system, for example, generated a food production crisis due to greater demand. Indeed, demand for everything was growing exponentially. By 2028, despite ongoing efforts to guide 'smart growth,' it was becoming clear that the world could not support such rapid growth forever.



Technology trends and applications we might see:

Quote
* The cost of capturing data through nanosensors and smart networks falls precipitously. In many developing countries, this leads to a proliferation of new and useful services, including “sousveillance” mechanisms that improve governance and enable more efficient use of government resources. (My note: I think 'sousveillance' is their term for 'natural computing' - ie everything will be like Avatar - everything has a unique GUID (Globally Unique Identifier), all hooked up to the Internet).

* Advances in low-cost mind-controlled prosthetics aid the 80 percent of global amputees who live in developing countries.


HACK ATTACK
An economically unstable and shock-prone world in which governments weaken, criminals thrive, and dangerous innovations emerge

2012 to 2020 - the 'Doom Decade'

Quote
Devastating shocks like September 11, the Southeast Asian tsunami of 2004, and the 2010 Haiti earthquake had certainly primed the world for sudden disasters. But no one was prepared for a world in which large-scale catastrophes would occur with such breathtaking frequency. The years 2010 to 2020 were dubbed the 'doom decade' for good reason: the 2012 Olympic bombing, which killed 13,000, was followed closely by an earthquake in Indonesia killing 40,000, a tsunami that almost wiped out Nicaragua, and the onset of the West China Famine, caused by a once-in-a-millennium drought linked to climate change.



Humanitarian Relief - Brokeback economy - Chaos

Quote
Not surprisingly, this opening series of deadly asynchronous catastrophes (there were more) (My note: There were 'more'? Do tell, Rockefeller Foundation)put enormous pressure on an already overstressed global economy that had entered the decade still in recession. Massive humanitarian relief efforts cost vast sums of money, but the primary sources - from aid agencies to developed-world governments - had run out of funds to offer. Most nation-states could no longer afford their locked-in costs, let alone respond to increased citizen demands for more security, more healthcare coverage, more social programs and services, and more infrastructure repair. In 2014, when mudslides in Lima buried thousands, only minimal help trickled in, prompting the Economist headline: 'Is the Planet Finally Bankrupt?'

These dire circumstances forced tough tradeoffs. In 2015, the U.S. reallocated a large share of its defense spending to domestic concerns, pulling out of Afghanistan - where the resurgent Taliban seized power once again. In Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa, more and more nation- states lost control of their public finances, along with the capacity to help their citizens and retain stability and order. Resource scarcities and trade disputes, together with severe economic and climate stresses, pushed many alliances and partnerships to the breaking point; they also sparked proxy wars and low-level conflict in resource-rich parts of the developing world. Nations raised trade barriers in order to protect their domestic sectors against imports and - in the face of global food and resource shortages - to reduce exports of agricultural produce and other commodities. By 2016, the global coordination and interconnectedness that had marked the post-Berlin Wall world was tenuous at best.[/size]

Reverse engineering of vaccines leading to decline in public trust in vaccine use

Quote
Criminal networks also grew highly skilled at counterfeiting licit goods through reverse engineering. Many of these 'rip-offs' and copycats were of poor quality or downright dangerous. In the context of weak health systems, corruption, and inattention to standards - either within countries or from global bodies like the World Health Organization - tainted vaccines entered the public health systems of several African countries. In 2021, 600 children in Cote d'Ivoire died from a bogus Hepatitis B vaccine, which paled in comparison to the scandal sparked by mass deaths from a tainted anti-malarial drug years later. The deaths and resulting scandals sharply affected public confidence in vaccine delivery; parents not just in Africa but elsewhere began to avoid vaccinating their children, and it wasn't long before infant and child mortality rose to levels not seen since the 1970s.

Cybercrime, intellectual copyright, security screenings heightened

Quote
Technology hackers were also hard at work. Internet scams and pyramid schemes plagued inboxes. Meanwhile, more sophisticated hackers attempted to take down corporations, government systems, and banks via phishing scams and database information heists, and their many successes generated billions of dollars in losses. Desperate to protect themselves and their intellectual property, the few multinationals still thriving enacted strong, increasingly complex defensive measures. Patent applications skyrocketed and patent thickets proliferated, as companies fought to claim and control even the tiniest innovations. Security measures and screenings tightened.

High-walled fortresses for the elite; divide between have/have-nots growing wider than ever

Quote
But despite such efforts, the global have/have-not gap grew wider than ever. The very rich still had the financial means to protect themselves; gated communities sprung up from New York to Lagos, providing safe havens surrounded by slums. In 2025, it was de rigueur to build not a house but a high-walled fortress, guarded by armed personnel. The wealthy also capitalized on the loose regulatory environment to experiment with advanced medical treatments and other under-the-radar activities.


Mad Max / Road Warrior scenario

Quote
Those who couldn't buy their way out of chaos - which was most people - retreated to whatever 'safety' they could find. With opportunity frozen and global mobility at a near standstill - no place wanted more people, especially more poor people - it was often a retreat to the familiar: family ties, religious beliefs, or even national allegiance. Trust was afforded to those who guaranteed safety and survival - whether it was a warlord, an evangelical preacher, or a mother. In some places, the collapse of state capacity led to a resurgence of feudalism. In other areas, people managed to create more resilient communities operating as isolated micro versions of formerly large-scale systems. The weakening of national governments also enabled grassroots movements to form and grow, creating rays of hope amid the bleakness.

No difference anymore between 'developed' and 'developing' nations

Quote
By 2030, the distinction between 'developed' and 'developing' nations no longer seemed particularly descriptive or relevant. '

It's a nice future these freaks have in store for us, isn't it? All cute and loving stuff....



Technology trends and applications we might see

Quote
* Echoing the rise of synthetic chemicals in the nineteenth century, synthetic biology, often state-funded, is used to “grow” resources and foodstuffs that have become scarce.
* New threats like weaponized biological pathogens and destructive botnets dominate public attention, but enduring technologies, like the AK-47, also remain weapons of choice for global guerrillas.
* The internet is overrun with spam and security threats and becomes strongly associated with illicit activity — especially on “dark webs” where no government can monitor, identify, or restrict activities.
* Identity-verification technologies become a staple of daily life, with some hitches — a database of retina recordings stolen by hackers in 2017 is used to create numerous false identities still “at large” in the mid-2020s.
* With the cost of cosmetic surgery dropping, procedures like the lunchtime facelift become routine among emerging middle classes.




SMART SCRAMBLE
An economically depressed world in which individuals and communities develop localized, makeshift solutions to a growing set of problems



Will cover this perhaps later.

Wednesday, May 12, 2010

New World Economic Order Emerges After WW2

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Founder States (1961) Other Member States
.
.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international economic organisation of 31 countries. It defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identifying good practices, and co-ordinating domestic and international policies of its members.

The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Later, its membership was extended to non-European states. In 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.

Two large lots were sold to Baron Henri James de Rothschild, who built a new château in 1921 and 1922 as his Paris residence to a 19th century design by Lucien Hesse. By the beginning of World War II, the old château had been completely demolished and replaced by mansions.

The new château was appropriated by the German Army during the Second World War, and it was taken over by the United States Army after the liberation of France. In 1949, it became the headquarters of the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) set up under the Marshall Plan to help administer funds provided by the United States to promote post-war recovery and to encourage European economic cooperation. The OEEC developed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1961, with the new Château de la Muette as its headquarters.

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[1] It started its operations on 16 April 1948. Since 1949, it was headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan's ending, the OEEC focused on economic questions.[2]

In the 1950s the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

One of a number of posters created by the Economic Cooperation Administration to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe

The OECD's structure revolves around three major bodies:

  • The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries acts through the meetings.
  • The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Angel Gurria). The Secretariat is organised in directorates. There are some 2,500 agents in the OECD Secretariat.
  • The OECD committees, one for each work area of the OECD. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member countries. The committees commission all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). The committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.

[edit] Meetings

Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings, principally organised by the secretariat. Former Deputy-Secretary General Pierre Vinde estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[16] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations. In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

Noteworthy meetings include:

  • The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
  • The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. This takes the form of conferences and discussions and is open to public participation.
  • Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (ie. all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
  • The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.

[edit] Secretariat

Exchanges between OECD governments flow from information and analysis provided by the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. It also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

  • Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development
  • Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
  • Development Co-operation Directorate
  • Directorate for Education
  • Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs
  • Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
  • Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
  • Economics Department
  • Environment Directorate
  • Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
  • Statistics Directorate
  • Trade and Agriculture Directorate
  • General Secretariat
  • Executive Directorate
  • Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently around USD $510 million (EUR 342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product.[17] The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the U.K. and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.

As an international organisation the terms of employment of the OECD Secretariat staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations associated with the OECD. In order to maintain working conditions which are similar to similarly structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the Western European Union and the European Patent Organisation.

[edit] Secretaries General

[edit] Committees

Representatives of the 30 OECD member countries and a number of observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[18]

[edit] Special bodies

[edit] Member countries

There are currently 31 members of the OECD, and the number is expected to increase to 34 after Estonia, Israel and Slovenia join the organisation. Of these 34, Chile, Mexico, Poland and Turkey (marked with *) are described as upper middle-income economies by the World Bank. The remaining members are described as high-income economies.[19][20]

Founding members of OEEC (1948):

Admitted later to OEEC (listed chronologically with year of admission):

Admitted when reformed as OECD (1961)

Admitted later to OECD (listed chronologically with year of admission):

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.[21]

On May 10, 2010, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia were invited to join the OECD.[7]